Adam Jackson:

I think that is a good phrasing, Minister, of looking ahead. I think we have in the UK a great 10 years. We are No. 2 for investment in fintech in the world, and have been consistently. The question is, how do we maintain that at a time when we are on the cusp or in the middle of a new wave of financial technology?

The first wave of fintech was very much about consumer interfaces. I think what we are then seeing, and will see over the next 10 years, is the application of technology to the whole of financial services—to the financial systems—to the plumbing, if you like, of financial markets, not just that consumer interface. The question is, how do we build on our superb record until now to ensure that we are at the forefront of what will be digital financial markets? That then becomes not just, “How do we maintain our lead in fintech?” but “How do we ensure that we are a global leader in finance?”

If I then look at the Bill and think about what is needed, I tend to categorise it in three ways. First, is there regulation that needs updating? Is the regulatory rules system fit for purpose? Does it enable—or actually open up—innovation? Is how we regulate agile enough, particularly as technology and the economy move quickly?

Looking at the Bill and “fit for purpose”, the proposals, particularly on stablecoin, are really welcome. They tackle an issue that we have seen in the market this year and bring into scope that new technology.

Does it enable innovation? I think, there, the financial markets infrastructure sandbox is important for looking at how we support different ways of regulating. That gets into the agile regulators as well. Then, when we look at systemic stablecoin, that is about enabling innovation. We will only see stablecoin really developing as a fundamental part of payments systems, and therefore only see the UK maintain its lead in payment innovation, if we have new provisions around systemic stablecoins. The Bill covers all those.

Are there other areas that we would like to see? In terms of the regulatory behaviours, the competitiveness objective is very welcome. On the secondary objective, we would love to see it extended to the Payment Systems Regulator. We have heard quite a bit today about the Bill providing new powers to the PSR so there is a strong case for applying the competitiveness objective to them, as well as some of the other bits of the financial future regulatory framework.

On the question whether we could apply a competition objective to the Bank of England, when we think about things such as central bank digital currency, how that is implemented—as well as if—becomes really important. Central bank digital currency could crowd out innovation and stablecoin unless it is designed in a way that promotes competition. Sir Jon Cunliffe talked about how he absolutely sees a place for stablecoin and a CBDC alongside, but is thinking about some protections around that.

Then, two final pieces would be looking at whether there is scope to strengthen the competitiveness objective, moving from facilitate to promote, and finally, thinking about the Financial Ombudsman Service. A lot of our members raise concerns with us that they have agreed approaches with the FCA, only to find that FOS caselaw rules against things that they have already agreed with the FCA. So more to ensure that consistency, and if there is a way of ensuring that the FOS refers to the FCA for rulings on certain issues, that would help.